In English-language media in Pakistan, the definite article is always omitted. In American English, the definite article is used, the group is referred to as "the Taliban", rather than "Taliban". In English, the spelling Taliban has gained predominance over the spelling Taleban. In other definitions, Taliban means 'seekers'. This is different in Afghanistan, where a member or a supporter of the group is referred to as a Talib (طالب) or its plural Talib-ha (طالبها). For example, John Walker Lindh has been referred to as "an American Taliban", rather than "an American Talib" in domestic media. (In Arabic طالبان ( ṭālibān) means not 'students' but rather 'two students', as it is a dual form, the Arabic plural being طلاب ( ṭullāb)-occasionally causing some confusion to Arabic speakers.) Since becoming a loanword in English, Taliban, besides a plural noun referring to the group, has also been used as a singular noun referring to an individual. This is a loanword from Arabic طالب ( ṭālib), using the Pashto plural ending -ān ان.
The word Taliban is Pashto, طالبان ( ṭālibān), meaning 'students', the plural of ṭālib. The Taliban returned Afghanistan to many policies implemented under its previous rule, including banning women from holding almost any jobs, requiring women to wear head-to-toe coverings such as the burqa, blocking women from travelling without male guardians, and banning all education for girls. Following their return to power in 2021, the Afghanistan government budget lost 80% of its funding and food insecurity became widespread. The Islamic Republic was dissolved and the Islamic Emirate was reestablished.ĭuring their rule from 1996 to 2001, the Taliban enforced a strict interpretation of Sharia, or Islamic law, and were widely condemned for massacres against Afghan civilians, harsh discrimination against religious and ethnic minorities, denial of UN food supplies to starving civilians, destruction of cultural monuments, banning women from school and most employment, and prohibition of most music. Under Hibatullah Akhundzada's leadership, in May 2021, the Taliban launched a military offensive, that culminated in the Fall of Kabul on 15 August 2021 and the Taliban regaining control of Afghanistan. In May 2002, exiled members formed the Council of Leaders ( Rahbarī Shūrā) based in the city of Quetta in Pakistan. Many members of the Taliban fled to neighboring Pakistan.Īfter being overthrown, the Taliban launched an insurgency to fight the United States–backed Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and the NATO–led International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) in the War in Afghanistan. The Taliban held control of most of the country until being overthrown after the United States invasion of Afghanistan in December 2001. The Taliban's government was opposed by the Northern Alliance militia, which seized parts of northeast Afghanistan and largely maintained international recognition as a continuation of the interim Islamic State of Afghanistan. In 1996, the group administered roughly three-quarters of the country, and established the First Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
Under the leadership of Mullah Omar ( r. 1996–2001), the movement spread throughout most of Afghanistan, shifting power away from the Mujahideen warlords. The Taliban emerged in September 1994 as one of the prominent factions in the Afghan Civil War and largely consisted of students ( ṭālib) from the Pashtun areas of eastern and southern Afghanistan who had been educated in traditional Islamic schools ( madāris). The Taliban government has been criticized for restricting human rights in Afghanistan, including the right of women and girls to work and to have an education. However, its government is not recognized by any country. It recaptured Kabul on 15 August 2021 following the departure of most coalition forces, after nearly 20 years of insurgency, and currently controls all of the country. It ruled approximately three-quarters of the country from 1996 to 2001, before being overthrown following the American invasion.
The Taliban ( / ˈ t æ l ɪ b æ n, ˈ t ɑː l ɪ b ɑː n/ Pashto: طالبان, romanized: ṭālibān, lit.'students'), which also refers to itself by its state name, the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan, is a Deobandi Islamic fundamentalist and Pashtun nationalist militant political movement in Afghanistan.
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